LymphedemaV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 007745

Lymph node status and breast cancer-related lymphedema

Identifieur interne : 007745 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 007744; suivant : 007746

Lymph node status and breast cancer-related lymphedema

Auteurs : Anand D. Purushotham [Royaume-Uni] ; Thomas M. Bennett Britton [Royaume-Uni] ; Manfred B. Klevesath [Royaume-Uni] ; Patrick Chou [Royaume-Uni] ; Olorunsola F. Agbaje [Royaume-Uni] ; Stephen W. Duffy [Royaume-Uni]

Source :

Annals of surgery [ 0003-4932 ] ; 2007.

RBID : Pascal:07-0328539

Descripteurs français

KwdFr :
- Adulte d'âge moyen, Aisselle, Bras, Femelle, Humains, Indice de gravité médicale, Lymphoedème (anatomopathologie), Lymphoedème (imagerie diagnostique), Lymphoedème (étiologie), Mastectomie, Noeuds lymphatiques (anatomopathologie), Pronostic, Tumeurs du sein (), Échographie-doppler, Études de suivi, Études prospectives, Évolution de la maladie.
MESH :
- anatomopathologie : Lymphoedème, Noeuds lymphatiques.
- imagerie diagnostique : Lymphoedème.
- étiologie : Lymphoedème.
Pascal (Inist)
- Adulte d'âge moyen, Aisselle, Bras, Femelle, Humains, Indice de gravité médicale, Mastectomie, Pronostic, Tumeur maligne, Ganglion lymphatique, Glande mammaire, Lymphoedème, Médecine, Chirurgie, Traitement, Cancer du sein, Tumeurs du sein, Échographie-doppler, Études de suivi, Études prospectives, Évolution de la maladie.
Wicri :
- topic : Médecine, Chirurgie.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Arm, Axilla, Breast Neoplasms (complications), Breast Neoplasms (surgery), Breast cancer, Disease Progression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Lymph Nodes (pathology), Lymph node, Lymphedema, Lymphedema (diagnostic imaging), Lymphedema (etiology), Lymphedema (pathology), Malignant tumor, Mammary gland, Mastectomy, Medicine, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Surgery, Treatment, Ultrasonography, Doppler.
MESH :
- complications : Breast Neoplasms.
- diagnostic imaging : Lymphedema.
- etiology : Lymphedema.
- pathology : Lymph Nodes, Lymphedema.
- surgery : Breast Neoplasms.
- Arm, Axilla, Disease Progression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Mastectomy, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Severity of Illness Index, Ultrasonography, Doppler.

Abstract

Objective: This study examines the association between nodal positivity and risk of developing breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) in patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Background Data: The pathophysiology of BCRL is poorly understood. It has been assumed that one of the factors predisposing to the development of BCRL is nodal positivity, although retrospective series have produced contradictory findings. As these studies have included treatment regimens known to cause BCRL, such as axillary radiotherapy, any relationship between nodal positivity and the development of BCRL remains speculative. Methods: A total of 212 patients who had undergone ALND for invasive breast cancer had arm volume measurements preoperatively, and at intervals postoperatively. No patient received axillary radiotherapy. Arm volumes were obtained by measuring serial arm circumferences every 4 cm up the arm and then calculated by using the formula for the volume of a truncated cone. Robust regression techniques were used to analyze the effects of node positivity, age, preoperative body mass index, and wound infection on arm volume excess. Results: In all, 64 of 212 (30%) patients were node positive. Contrary to previous assumptions, positive node status was significantly inversely associated with arm volume after adjusting for tumor size, time since operation, and allowing for correlated observations within subjects. Furthermore, the number of positive nodes also correlated inversely with arm volume. Conclusion: These results are counterintuitive to the conventional understanding of the pathophysiology of BCRL. A possible explanation is that patients who develop disease in axillary lymph nodes and subsequently undergo ALND have more time and ability to develop lymphatic collaterals, which may provide adequate lymphatic drainage following surgery, thereby reducing the risk of developing BCRL.

Url:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1899199

Affiliations:

Le document en format XML

<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Lymph node status and breast cancer-related lymphedema</title>
<author><name sortKey="Purushotham, Anand D" sort="Purushotham, Anand D" uniqKey="Purushotham A" first="Anand D." last="Purushotham">Anand D. Purushotham</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bennett Britton, Thomas M" sort="Bennett Britton, Thomas M" uniqKey="Bennett Britton T" first="Thomas M." last="Bennett Britton">Thomas M. Bennett Britton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klevesath, Manfred B" sort="Klevesath, Manfred B" uniqKey="Klevesath M" first="Manfred B." last="Klevesath">Manfred B. Klevesath</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Surgery, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Department of Surgery, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chou, Patrick" sort="Chou, Patrick" uniqKey="Chou P" first="Patrick" last="Chou">Patrick Chou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Centre for Epidemiology, Mathematics and Statistics, Cancer Research</s1>
<s2>London</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Agbaje, Olorunsola F" sort="Agbaje, Olorunsola F" uniqKey="Agbaje O" first="Olorunsola F." last="Agbaje">Olorunsola F. Agbaje</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Centre for Epidemiology, Mathematics and Statistics, Cancer Research</s1>
<s2>London</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duffy, Stephen W" sort="Duffy, Stephen W" uniqKey="Duffy S" first="Stephen W." last="Duffy">Stephen W. Duffy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Centre for Epidemiology, Mathematics and Statistics, Cancer Research</s1>
<s2>London</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno>
<idno type="inist">07-0328539</idno>
<date when="2007">2007</date>
<idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 07-0328539 INIST</idno>
<idno type="RBID">Pascal:07-0328539</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000456</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">000504</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">000464</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000464</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0003-4932:2007:Purushotham A:lymph:node:status</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">007908</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1899199</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:1899199</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001353</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001353</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001352</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001352</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">003B36</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">003B36</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">003604</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003604</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">003604</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">003604</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">003604</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">003604</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">002781</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">002781</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">002781</idno>
<idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0003-4932:2007:Purushotham A:lymph:node:status</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">007359</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">007745</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">007745</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Lymph node status and breast cancer-related lymphedema</title>
<author><name sortKey="Purushotham, Anand D" sort="Purushotham, Anand D" uniqKey="Purushotham A" first="Anand D." last="Purushotham">Anand D. Purushotham</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bennett Britton, Thomas M" sort="Bennett Britton, Thomas M" uniqKey="Bennett Britton T" first="Thomas M." last="Bennett Britton">Thomas M. Bennett Britton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>King's College London and Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klevesath, Manfred B" sort="Klevesath, Manfred B" uniqKey="Klevesath M" first="Manfred B." last="Klevesath">Manfred B. Klevesath</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Surgery, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust</s1>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Department of Surgery, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chou, Patrick" sort="Chou, Patrick" uniqKey="Chou P" first="Patrick" last="Chou">Patrick Chou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Centre for Epidemiology, Mathematics and Statistics, Cancer Research</s1>
<s2>London</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Agbaje, Olorunsola F" sort="Agbaje, Olorunsola F" uniqKey="Agbaje O" first="Olorunsola F." last="Agbaje">Olorunsola F. Agbaje</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Centre for Epidemiology, Mathematics and Statistics, Cancer Research</s1>
<s2>London</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duffy, Stephen W" sort="Duffy, Stephen W" uniqKey="Duffy S" first="Stephen W." last="Duffy">Stephen W. Duffy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Centre for Epidemiology, Mathematics and Statistics, Cancer Research</s1>
<s2>London</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j" type="main">Annals of surgery</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Ann. surg.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0003-4932</idno>
<imprint><date when="2007">2007</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Annals of surgery</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Ann. surg.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0003-4932</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Arm</term>
<term>Axilla</term>
<term>Breast Neoplasms (complications)</term>
<term>Breast Neoplasms (surgery)</term>
<term>Breast cancer</term>
<term>Disease Progression</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Follow-Up Studies</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Lymph Nodes (pathology)</term>
<term>Lymph node</term>
<term>Lymphedema</term>
<term>Lymphedema (diagnostic imaging)</term>
<term>Lymphedema (etiology)</term>
<term>Lymphedema (pathology)</term>
<term>Malignant tumor</term>
<term>Mammary gland</term>
<term>Mastectomy</term>
<term>Medicine</term>
<term>Middle Aged</term>
<term>Prognosis</term>
<term>Prospective Studies</term>
<term>Severity of Illness Index</term>
<term>Surgery</term>
<term>Treatment</term>
<term>Ultrasonography, Doppler</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term>
<term>Aisselle</term>
<term>Bras</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Indice de gravité médicale</term>
<term>Lymphoedème (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Lymphoedème (imagerie diagnostique)</term>
<term>Lymphoedème (étiologie)</term>
<term>Mastectomie</term>
<term>Noeuds lymphatiques (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Pronostic</term>
<term>Tumeurs du sein ()</term>
<term>Échographie-doppler</term>
<term>Études de suivi</term>
<term>Études prospectives</term>
<term>Évolution de la maladie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Lymphoedème</term>
<term>Noeuds lymphatiques</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="en"><term>Breast Neoplasms</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic imaging" xml:lang="en"><term>Lymphedema</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="etiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Lymphedema</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="imagerie diagnostique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Lymphoedème</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Lymph Nodes</term>
<term>Lymphedema</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="surgery" xml:lang="en"><term>Breast Neoplasms</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="étiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Lymphoedème</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Arm</term>
<term>Axilla</term>
<term>Disease Progression</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Follow-Up Studies</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Mastectomy</term>
<term>Middle Aged</term>
<term>Prognosis</term>
<term>Prospective Studies</term>
<term>Severity of Illness Index</term>
<term>Ultrasonography, Doppler</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adulte d'âge moyen</term>
<term>Aisselle</term>
<term>Bras</term>
<term>Femelle</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Indice de gravité médicale</term>
<term>Mastectomie</term>
<term>Pronostic</term>
<term>Tumeur maligne</term>
<term>Ganglion lymphatique</term>
<term>Glande mammaire</term>
<term>Lymphoedème</term>
<term>Médecine</term>
<term>Chirurgie</term>
<term>Traitement</term>
<term>Cancer du sein</term>
<term>Tumeurs du sein</term>
<term>Échographie-doppler</term>
<term>Études de suivi</term>
<term>Études prospectives</term>
<term>Évolution de la maladie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Médecine</term>
<term>Chirurgie</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Objective: This study examines the association between nodal positivity and risk of developing breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) in patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Background Data: The pathophysiology of BCRL is poorly understood. It has been assumed that one of the factors predisposing to the development of BCRL is nodal positivity, although retrospective series have produced contradictory findings. As these studies have included treatment regimens known to cause BCRL, such as axillary radiotherapy, any relationship between nodal positivity and the development of BCRL remains speculative. Methods: A total of 212 patients who had undergone ALND for invasive breast cancer had arm volume measurements preoperatively, and at intervals postoperatively. No patient received axillary radiotherapy. Arm volumes were obtained by measuring serial arm circumferences every 4 cm up the arm and then calculated by using the formula for the volume of a truncated cone. Robust regression techniques were used to analyze the effects of node positivity, age, preoperative body mass index, and wound infection on arm volume excess. Results: In all, 64 of 212 (30%) patients were node positive. Contrary to previous assumptions, positive node status was significantly inversely associated with arm volume after adjusting for tumor size, time since operation, and allowing for correlated observations within subjects. Furthermore, the number of positive nodes also correlated inversely with arm volume. Conclusion: These results are counterintuitive to the conventional understanding of the pathophysiology of BCRL. A possible explanation is that patients who develop disease in axillary lymph nodes and subsequently undergo ALND have more time and ability to develop lymphatic collaterals, which may provide adequate lymphatic drainage following surgery, thereby reducing the risk of developing BCRL.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Royaume-Uni</li>
</country>
<region><li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Grand Londres</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Londres</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Purushotham, Anand D" sort="Purushotham, Anand D" uniqKey="Purushotham A" first="Anand D." last="Purushotham">Anand D. Purushotham</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Agbaje, Olorunsola F" sort="Agbaje, Olorunsola F" uniqKey="Agbaje O" first="Olorunsola F." last="Agbaje">Olorunsola F. Agbaje</name>
<name sortKey="Bennett Britton, Thomas M" sort="Bennett Britton, Thomas M" uniqKey="Bennett Britton T" first="Thomas M." last="Bennett Britton">Thomas M. Bennett Britton</name>
<name sortKey="Chou, Patrick" sort="Chou, Patrick" uniqKey="Chou P" first="Patrick" last="Chou">Patrick Chou</name>
<name sortKey="Duffy, Stephen W" sort="Duffy, Stephen W" uniqKey="Duffy S" first="Stephen W." last="Duffy">Stephen W. Duffy</name>
<name sortKey="Klevesath, Manfred B" sort="Klevesath, Manfred B" uniqKey="Klevesath M" first="Manfred B." last="Klevesath">Manfred B. Klevesath</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/LymphedemaV1/Data/Main/Exploration

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 007745 | SxmlIndent | more

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 007745 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Wicri/Sante
   |area=    LymphedemaV1
   |flux=    Main
   |étape=   Exploration
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     Pascal:07-0328539
   |texte=   Lymph node status and breast cancer-related lymphedema
}}

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31.
Data generation: Sat Nov 4 17:40:35 2017. Site generation: Tue Feb 13 16:42:16 2024

Serveur d'exploration sur le lymphœdème

Lymph node status and breast cancer-related lymphedema

Lymph node status and breast cancer-related lymphedema

Source :

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)

Le document en format XML

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

	Serveur d'exploration sur le lymphœdème
	Attention, ce site est en cours de développement ! Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts. Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.